美国篇之留学生打工怎么找

北京A+英语编者按：

看东西的“留学申请攻略”系列文章已于上周四更新完毕，从今天开始开启全新系列——“留学生打工怎么找？”为大家提供寻找校内校外工作的各种Tips。第 一篇是美国篇。

1. 总述

2. 政策

- 校内
- 校外
- CPT
- OPT
- 因发生严重经济困难而申请的校外

3. 怎么找？

- 校内工作
- 校外工作

4. 薪酬

5. 税收

6. 家属可以工作吗？

总述
Overview

It’s common for international students to hold part time jobs in the US, particularly in on-campus jobs. There are lots of different kinds of on-campus jobs and the remuneration is fair. Typically the pay for this kind of work will be around USD 10-15 per hour，although each state will have a different minimum wage which universities themselves may also add on to. The limit for number of hours you can work in oneweek is 20 hours, during the holidays you can engage in full time work. You don’t need a work permit for on-campus work.
留学生在美国打工非常普遍，特别是校内打工。校内打工场所很多，报酬也很合理，一般薪酬是10-15美元/小时，不过每个州与每个学校各自有不同的较低工资标准。上学期间的工作上限是20小时，假期可以全日制工作。校内打工不需要工作许可

Working off-campus is typically not allowed, unless a student experiences sudden unexpected financial difficulties and needs a part time job, or if the work is related to a practical side of your degree. You need to apply for a permit if you fall into either of these two categories.
校外打工基本上是不允许的，除非有两种情况，一是遭受了突如其来的经济困难，需要打工。二是和专业相关的实习或实践，这两种校外打工都需要申请工作许可。

The American government has a set of complicated policies as applies to international students. They have different types of visas (normally international students apply for an F1 visa, exchange students apply for a J1 visa, students of vocational schools apply for M1) or as applies to one’s working environment and type of work (on-campus, off-campus, internships). All these have different requirements which are explained in the following document.
美国政府针对留学生打工有非常复杂的政策，根据签证类型的不同（一般留学生签证F1、交换学者签证J1、职业学校学生签证M1等），或是打工场所和性质的不同（校内、校外、实习等）都有不同要求，详见下文。

In terms of the schools themselves there aren’t typically any requirements but there will be small differences with each university. If you want to get a job, you have to research and understand the requirement put forward by both national law and school rules.
学校方面没有太多的要求，但具体情况因校而异。弄清政府和学校的要求，申请相应的工作许可，对想要打工的留学生来说是必不可少的功课。

政策
General Policies

Information Source 信息来源:
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Foreign academic or vocational students may be allowed to work in the United States under certain circumstances. Depending on the type of student and type of employment, the student will be issued different documents that show employment authorization.
美国政府规定，外国留学生或高职学生只要满足一系列条件，就可以在美国打工。根据签证类型和工作类型，学生将被授予不同的工作授权。

Before applying for work, students must understand relevant governmental laws and university specific rules to avoid any potential troubles one may face with later on. American laws applied to international students are quite complex, depending on the type of student and type of employment and thus making it complicated to go through all types of student visas. Since international students typically hold F1 visas, this material is dedicated to policies only applied to students in F1 status, which is composed of 2 parts: on-campus employment and off-campus employment. You can find the information for other types of visas here：
在之前学生必须要了解美国和学校的政策法规，以免给自己带来不必要的麻烦。美国针对留学生的政策很复杂，签证类型也很多，无法一一赘述。因为一般留学生拿的都是F1签证，所以本文详细介绍F1签证的政策，一般包括两部分：校内和校外。未尽信息请参见：

F-1 students may not work off-campus during the first academic year, but may accept on-campus employment subject to certain conditions and restrictions. There are various programs available for F-1 students to seek off-campus employment, after the first academic year.
持F-1签证的学生（以下简称F-1学生）在学年不可以进行校外，但可以在一定情况和限制下进行校内。在学年结束后，就会有一些校外项目供F-1学生选择。

1On Campus 校内

F-1 Students Working in On-Campus Employment

F-1 students may work on campus without the approval of a DSO (Designated School Official, the person authorized to maintain the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS)) or USCIS (US Citizenship and Immigration Services). On-campus employment is limited to 20 hours a week when school is in session.

校内不需要向DSO（美国移民署常驻某一学校的工作人员）或USCIS（美国移民署）申请工作许可。学校上课期间每周的上限是20小时。

F-1 students may work on the school’s premises, including on-location commercial firms that provide services for students on campus, such as the school bookstore or cafeteria. One can also work at an off-campus location that is educationally affiliated with the school.
F-1学生可以在校内的各色机构，其中包括校内向学生提供服务的商户，如书店、咖啡馆等。此外，如果有一些隶属于学校的机构恰好坐落在校外，也可以被归为“校内”。

Employment that does not provide direct services to students is not on-campus employment. For example, an on-campus commercial firm, such as a construction company that builds a school building, does not provide direct student services.
不向学生直接提供服务的不能算校内，比如在学校里施工的建筑公司就不算。

2
Off Campus 校外
F-1 Students Working in Off-Campus Employment

There are four types of employment:
校外大致分为四种类型。

a. Curricular Practical Training (CPT)

b. Optional Practical Training (OPT)

c. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Optional Practical Training Extension (OPT)

d. Off Campus Employment Based on Severe Economic Hardship 因发生严重经济困难而申请的校外

Except for some extreme circumstances, such as sever

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